Social Stigma of ADHD - Free Essay Example

Humans have always been critical towards discussing mental ailments. With globalization, mental disorders have increased exponentially and is predicted to increase even further. Most mental disorders are complex that their origins remain anonymous. Throughout the world studies are being conducted to identify the origins of mental disorders so that a permanent cure could be devised. Studies even shows us that each disorder presents new symptoms in each individual which makes it difficult to identify. This may be caused due to the particular environment of the individual, the genetic makeup, and overall health and wellbeing of the individual. Among the predominant mental disorders, Attention Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder (A.D.H.D) has riddled scientist for centuries. With advancements in genetics and DNA splicing, scientists are able to get closer to understanding what causes ADHD. The usual symptoms of ADHD include inattention, hyperactivity, and minimal social skills. These symptoms may vary from person to person and can even vary with ageing. Although ADHD is characterized as a mental disorder, it has now been recognized as simply a hurdle meant to be crossed. Studies have shown that a person with ADHD could recover from th e severe stages with intense training and self-discipline. Mental disorders and their treatment have been frowned on by society and there exists a societal stigma that prevents patients from acquiring proper medication and help. Even in the 21st century, the stigma continues to linger and creates challenges for people with ADHD to receive help and proper medication. Social awareness of the mental disorder is a necessity and is being explored. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, is a common and highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder that is seen in children and adults as well. ADHD in adults has only recently become the focus of widespread medical attention. For over 20 years, ADHD has been viewed as comprising three primary symptoms, these being poor attention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity but has lately been brought down to two, hyperactivity and impairment. The first case of ADHD was recorded in the year 1902 by a British pediatrician named George Still. He described the condition as an abnormal defect of moral children . Dr George discovered that the children who suffered from ADHD could not control their behavior as a typical child of the same age. However, he recorded that the patients suffering from ADHD were identical in intelligence and resolved problems similarly to other patients of the same age. Early treatment of ADHD consisted of the use of Benzedrine, which became an approved drug in the year 1936 by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA). After treatment with the drug, it was recorded that an unexpected side effect of Benzedrine helped patients suffering from ADHD perform better in academics. Unfortunately, these findings were ignored and remained anonymous until researchers began to identify the benefits of the drug. The disorder was not identified as a mental disorder up until the year 1987 when the APA recognized it as a mental disorder and included it in the Third edition of Diagnostical and Statistical Manual which listed the known mental disorders. In the year 1955, the FDA approved the psychostimulant Ritalin (methylphenidate). It has now become the most popular treatment of ADHD and to this date, is being prescribed to patients. ADHD, although prominent among children, was not given the recognized as a mental disorder until the publication of the DSM 2 in the year 1968. The disorder was titled Hyperkinetic Impulse Disorder. Later, in the year 1980, the name of the disorder was revised to Attention Deficiency Disorder (ADD). Even though the title was revised, it was widely believed that hyperactivity was not a common symptom. This led to the creation of 2 Subtypes of ADD ADD with hyperactivity and ADD without hyperactivity (Healthline, 1). This led to conflict among researchers and in the year 1987, the title was changed to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or commonly know today as ADHD in the revised edition of DSM 3. This definition combined the preexisting research and combined three of the dominant symptoms of the disorderhyperactivity, inattentiveness, impulsiveness. Although the definition was revised in later years, it provided the foundation for the current research of ADHD. One of the most predominant issues faced by ADHD patients is be considered dumb or less intelligent than a typical human being. Studies conducted by Maria Keilow using the Danish admirative registry data proves that children with ADHD exhibited similar intelligence to other typical children of their age. Using administrative register data on children, who begin medical treatment, Keilow conducted a series of natural experiments and exploited plausible exogenous variation in medical nonresponse to estimate the effect of medical treatment on school-leaving GPA. After numerous stages of treatment, Keilow compared the GPA of the students who were under treatment to that of other typical students. She also compared a typical students grade to that of patients who had discontinued the treatment partly of completely and found that there existed around .18 to .22 deviation from the standard among participating patients. Keilow proved that students suffering from ADHD may be able to reduce t he negative social consequences of ADHD. Several studies similar to Keilow have proved that the effects of ADHD could be reduced in patientsespecially in children and teens and could one day lead to a permeant cure. In studies trying to find causes of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), relatives of ADHD children were found to be at high risk for the disorder. Half-sibling, twin, adoption, and segregation analysis studies suggest that genes mediate this familial aggregation. This suggests that genetic studies may be helpful in clarifying the etiology of ADHD. A chief obstacle that is that the research must face is the problem of genetic heterogeneity: For common disorders like ADHD, several genetic and nongenetic factors may independently cause the disorder. This heterogeneity complicates genetic research, because the patterns observed in a heterogeneous group of families may obscure each of the specific mechanisms that independently causes ADHD. Recent studies show major differences in clinical presentation in relation to age and gender. Many research studies surfacing recently, shows how symptoms of ADHD might differ among males and females. In the early ages, marked differences are observable in the prevalence of ADHD between the two genders even though symptoms of ADHD emerge early in childhood in both genders, with a mean age of onset between infancy and 7 years. A prevalence of 5â€Å"7% has been reported in boys and 2â€Å"4% in girls. In addition, research has found that girls have fewer symptoms of ADHD than boys, although several investigations have reported contrary results.As for treatment for patients with ADHD, in the most recent analysis year (2005), 4.4% of children received one or more prescriptions for ADHD medications. Use of these medications was more common among older children (ages 10 to 19) than younger children (ages 0 to 9), and boys were 2.3 times more likely to use these medications than girls. O lder boys (ages 10 to 19) showed the highest prevalence of use; 8.1% of boys in this age range used ADHD medications during 2005. During the 6-year study period (2000 to 2005), the intensity of ADHD medication treatment increased for patients in most demographic groups. Use grew most rapidly for younger children (ages 0 to 9) and for adults (ages 20 to 64). Lower growth rates were observed for older children (ages 10 to 19) and for seniors. The continuing disparity between ADHD treatment rates for boys and girls may be due, in part, to underdiagnosis of the condition in girls. The condition may be less visible or less identifiable in some girls which may lead to a delay in diagnosis or a failure to identify the condition at all. The age distribution of medication use shows a disparity in treatment rates between boys and girls at all age levels, although the disparity narrows markedly for older teenagers. The age distribution provides suggestive evidence that the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in girls typically occurs later than in boys. The peak treatment range for girls (ages 12 to 14) is somewhat later than the peak treatment range for boys (ages 10 to 13), and treatment rates do not decline among older girls as rapidly as they decline for older boys. Another study was carried out to test the parental knowledge and opinions on ADHD and their symptoms. The method they used to find attain the result was to basically give the parents a MCQ test with questions assessing the parents knowledge of ADHD symptoms, causes, diagnostics, medications, treatment options called AKOS (ADHD Knowledge and Opinion). The subjects were comprised of 81 families, the mothers mean age was 37 years. The majority of families were blue-collar workers (65.2%), with a smaller proportion of white-collar workers (17.5%) and unemployed families (17.3%). Single parents constituted 30.9% of the sample. The range of education of mothers included having completed elementary school or some high school (17.3%); having completed high school (22.2%); having had at least some post-secondary education (60.5%). Each child initially went through 3- or 4-week blind titration phase. The dose of medication or placebo started at 5 mg twice daily, once in the morning and once a t lunch. The dose was increased weekly in 5 mg steps, to a target dose of 0.7 mg/kg body weight in a single oral dose administered twice daily. The dose of medication could be increased or decreased as deemed necessary by the study physician to minimize side effects while trying to reach the target dose. Parents were told it was appropriate for children to take the medication 7 days weekly, including but were given discretion to omit weekend and holiday doses. If families asked to change to the alternate medication (MPH or placebo), a second blind titration was undertaken to achieve the target dose. After the parents took the AKOS, 68 families (84.0%) enrolled into the medication treatment, and 52 families (64.2%) enrolled into the parent-group treatment. (A program that followed an approach of coping-modelling and problem-solving, in which participants formulated solutions to specific child-management problems after observing videotapes depicting these problems.) Although numerous studies have been published and social awareness of teens has been increased, ADHD continues to be a disorder that is socially disliked. ADHD in adults creates an interesting new argument. A study conducted by Anselm B. M. Fuermaier provided participants with a survey questioner to find the depth of the effect of social stigma of ADHD in adults. The study utilized mathematical equations to back up his findings and calculate the results. Fuermaier classified the responses from adults as a factor called Reliability and Social Functioning factor. Fuermarier stated that stigmatizing attitudes as measured by reliability and social Functioning factor, therefore represent a depreciation of the individuals social abilities and may lead to social rejection and exclusion ( Measurement of Stigma towards Adult ADHD,7) Fuermaier compared the response between the general population with that of teachers and physicians. He stated that the general population were more prone to st igma while teachers recognize the potential among individuals suffering from ADHD. Fuermaiers studies also proved the existence of several profiles of stigmatism in the society. This means that a stigma towards ADHD exists in various forms throughout society at varying levels. Fuermaier suggested that mentoring and teaching people with ADHD from a young age to early adulthood helps in reducing the social stigma surrounding ADHD in the society.

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Diversity, Culture, Race, Ethnicity, And Diversity

Organizations are made up of man woman, many cultures races, and multiple generations. Some of the organizations are also comprised of disable employees. This is what we called diversity. Diversity is something that has been around in the organizations for decades. Diversity in Collins Dictionary means, the state or quality of being different or varied and range of different things. It is synonyms to variety, mixture, range, and multiplicity. According to Queensborough Community College in its website define diversity as â€Å"Understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies.† Diversity is the mixture of people, culture, race, ethnicity, and more. Diversity can somehow affect the employees and can be challenges to the managers. Diversity in the organization can affect the employees and their behavior in many ways. The effect can be positive and negative in the same time. The positive effect is, it will wider employee knowledge, skills, and attitude which will allow the organization to become more competitive globally. Higher diversity of employees mean higher diversity of knowledge, skills and abilities. Sharing experience inspires innovative thinking (Claudia Quaiser-Pohls, 2013, p. 41). Today in the modern workplace, most organizations will haveShow MoreRelatedTypes Of Diversity Protected Under Federal Laws886 Words   |  4 Pages Types of Diversity There are six main categories of diversity protected under federal laws. They are gender, age, race/ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and disabilities. Each diversity brings something new and different to an organization s culture. Gender Gender diversity is the proportion of women to men in any particular workplace or team (gender diversity). It can range from a department to the board of directors. Women bring trustworthiness and legitimacy to work teams (genderRead MoreQuestions on Diversity and Inclusions926 Words   |  4 Pagescultural diversity? There have been a variety of attempts to develop a concise definition or reliable classification of what is meant by cultural diversity for a number of decades. Although there is no universal system available for determining what cultural diversity is there are several reappearing characteristics that are used by many of the experts attempting to arrive at a recognized system (Fearon, 2003). The first generalized dimension used is the concept of age. 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Likewise, emotional intelligence prevents the executive from taking emotionally biased unethical decisionsRead MoreEquality, Diversity, and Democracy1348 Words   |  6 PagesJustice and Equality Cannot Coexist, For When One is Achieved the Other is Infringed Upon: Equality, diversity, and democracy are the three components that America claims to revolve around, but unfortunately lacks. America is a nation filled with envy, rage, and such preposterous behaviors and actions. Since the founding of the nation, to the present of America, and according to the predicament of the future, this territorial notion that America abides by is slowly corrupting the nation. SinceRead MoreHistorical And Constituent Emotional State Of A Social System966 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of race. Similarly, ever since its emergence in the early twentieth century, television has also been used to manifest such cultural and societal values. In return, Hollywood s dependence on â€Å"whitewashing† roles as a cross-racial/ethnic representation withholds the power to extraordinarily change viewer’s depiction of minority groups. Consequently, what follows is the important and constituent emotional state of individuals when facing questions of white privilege, power, and diversity in the

Report on Classification Of Business Essay - 1015 Words

Report on Classification Of Business Classification of Businesses according to their types of activity: Primary Sector Businesses: The gathering of raw materials, such as fish, oil, or coal from the land or sea or growing using the earth to grow things such as crops or trees Examples: Rio Tinto (Mining), JCI Gold (Mining), Anglo Amer (Mining), BP (Oil and Gas), and Soco International (Oil and Gas). Secondary Sector Businesses: The processing of raw materials into finished goods. Examples of this are food production, computer component manufacture, and car manufacture. Examples: Schweppes (Food and Drink), Unilever (Food and Drink), Intel (Computer Component Production) and Ati (Computer Component Production).†¦show more content†¦Currently the top company in the UK using this method is; HSBC Group (Banking) ($M673, 474) Definitions of Business Localities Local: Businesses trading within, and not exceeding the bounds of the local area, normally defined as within a county or town. National: Businesses trading within, and not exceeding the bounds of one country. International: Businesses trading worldwide, between two or more countries. Classification of Business according to their objective(s): A profit driven business would have its only, or more commonly, its main objective set as making as much money as possible. A non-profit driven business would have different objectives, such as to survive, or, in the case of the business being a charity, to give as much money as possible to needy causes. An example of a profit driven business is Microsoft Corporation (Software), with a turnover of $Thou 25,296,000 An example of a non-profit driven business is the MOD (Ministry of Defence), the main aim being to provide a defence service. Report on Two Businesses in my local area: The two businesses I have chosen to report on are: Marks Spencer Plc, and Marconi. These are both international businesses, but both have local branches. 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Human Resource Management on Employee Development

What is employee development? Employee development is a kind of connection, continuous effort on the part of an employee and the organization for which employee works to upgrade the employee s knowledge, skills, and abilities. Successful employee development need to find a balance between an individual s career needs, goals and the organization s need in order to get work done and achieve company goals. Employee development programs make positive contributions to organizational performance. A company with highly skilled employees and supervisor and achieve more than those company lack of developed and stillness employees. Why Should Employee Skills and Abilities Be Developed? Most of the research hold the same belief that employee†¦show more content†¦Conclusion At present, intranet technology is just designed as an electronic library but actually it can do more than that. Intranet can provide real-time feedback to mangers and employees. It will make managers especially human recourse managers easier to implement training and development programs. Intranet also can tell what is important of today’s task time by time. Journal two: Developing local talent in international subsidiaries: the importance of trust and respect in Toyota By Phallapa Petison and Lalit M. Johri Thainization Philosophy Toyota is known as the world wide motor manufacture in order to achieve its global market strategic goal and meet the international product standards. Toyota wants to transfer its first overseas subsidiary Toyota Motor Thailand (TMT) into Thais employee managed subsidiary from Japanese managed. However to accomplish this task Toyota faces several challenges in the process of deepening the role of Thai employees. And training and develop the potential employees. 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This paper will discuss the key functional areas of human resource management and howRead MoreEmployee Training and Career Development Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Training and development are important factors to the success of any organization. Each employee is a valuable asset that can either add to the success a company or contribute to its failure. Training supports and makes possible the development of new skills and knowledge. Offering training for employees at various levels within an organization assist employees develop the necessary skills and proficiency to be successful in their careers as well as prepare for new responsibilities

Women in Slave Comunity Free Essays

WOMEN IN SLAVE COMMUNITIES Slavery is the saddest period of human’s history. What slaves went through was really hard and it takes strong people to survive to that’s situation. They not only had to work every day of their lives without any compensation, but they were also broken down morally and separated from their families. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Slave Comunity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Slaves were not treated as humans. They were treated as objects and machines and the only thing they were supposed to do were to obey to their masters, and if not, they would get beaten up, whipped or even killed. This is clearly shown on the Angela Davis’s essay, Reflection on the Black Woman’s Role in the Community of Slaves. But if slavery was hard for men, for women was so much harder because they had to work all day on the plantations like animals and at the end of the day they had to take care of the master’s house, cook, clean, and take care of everything else. They had no other choice. The next morning they had to wake up early in four in the morning and do the same thing fro the rest of their lives; no future, no hope, nothing to keep them going. Slaves didn’t even have the support of their families because they were separated from them. The mother would get separated from their child as soon as they were born and they were not supposed to see their own blood. They had no right to the family, to get married ect. If two slaves would be in love with each other, they would have their rituals and ceremonies to â€Å"get marries† within slavery, but still they didn’t have the right as a woman or as a husband. The masters could have sex with any woman they wanted and the â€Å"husband† could do nothing about it; they had no right on their own lives and of course they didn’t have any rights in protecting their women. What stood up to me is that, how did these women, having this huge role in slave communities, how did they find the time to fulfill their duties? They didn’t have any motivation. Even when they tried to rebel against their masters by poisoning the food or put the house in fire, they would get killed, burned, hanged ect. It is funny how women in today’s days complain about the smallest thing; they complain that they have to go to work and take care of their babies and houses, and they complain that it is too much. All I hear around me is the expression â€Å"I am so tired,† â€Å"Didn’t get enough sleep last night,† etc and when I think about these woman that had to work on the plantations all day long in the worst weather and with no brakes, they had to go home back to their maters and take care of the house as well, and they had to wake up really early in the morning to do the same thing over again. That is really sad and not fair. I am glad that that type of slavery is over but I don’t understand why there is still discrimination and racism out there. How to cite Women in Slave Comunity, Papers

Classical Conditioning free essay sample

As far as a conditioned response goes, emotions greatly come into play. Emotions are triggered by something, or maybe someone. One famous study that proves classical conditioning can trigger a phobia, -check your punctuation -is the case of â€Å"Little Albert†. John Watson and Rosalie Rayner performed a study with a nine month old baby. They would show him a rat, and then make a loud scary noise using a steel bar. Over the course of a few months, little Albert developed a fear of the rat because of the frightening noise associated with it. However, classical conditioning is not that simple, fears don’t just simply develop one time something bad happens. â€Å"Classical conditioning does not occur every time a bell rings, a baby startles, or a wolf eats some tainted lamb chops. Several factors influence the extent to which classical conditioning will occur. † (Robin Kowalski, Drew Westen,   2011). Learning can play a big part in classical conditioning. The conditioned response (CR) is that the bell stimulated the pupils to dilate. Prier to this time, the ringing of the bell had no effect on the dilation of my pupils. Therefore, the classical conditioning programmed my pupils to dilate upon the ringing of the bell and controlling the light stimuli. I repeated the same experiment but this time I did not ring the bell at all to see if the time would have a response. Every fifteen seconds I would turn the lights either on or off. The results were negative. In conclusion, indeed it took two stimuli, the ringing of the bell and the lights to provoke a response.