indopak history and relation Essays

indopak history and connection Essays indopak history and connection Essay indopak history and connection Essay indopak history and connection BY 122 PAK INDIA relations introduction recorded foundation current circumstance indo pak relations consistently stay threatening. from the very beginning india is against pak existance. there were three significant wars 1964,1971 , 1999. the progression of unfriendly connection can be ascribed to kashmir issue which is as yet uncertain. ln 1999 Nawaz sharif began dailouge with india however due to kargil war entire procedure was destroyed. again in 2004 endeavors were made to sift through issues and to devise a system to determine the issues a composite dailouge was begun. hich incorporate harmony security (CBM) saichin sir stream ooler torrent fear based oppression tranquilize dealing however again because of mumbai assaults the procedure stopped until 2011 . this time accentuation was laid on exchange. ln 2013 the procedure was against bothered by encounters on LOC until Nawaz Singh meeting in newyork where it was chosen to pass on gatherings of DGMO s to determine the threatening sitution and again move towards better ties. HISTORY : Here is a gander at certain highs and lows in relations among India and Pakistan. 1947 † The British Empire in the subcontinent is separated into two nations: India and Pakistan. The unforeseen Partition and absence of appropriate courses of action for one of the reatest relocations of present day history prompted clashes and slaughter on the two sides of the gap. 1947/48 † India and Pakistan do battle over Kashmir. The war closes with an I-IN-requested truce and goals looking for a plebiscite for the individuals of Jammu and Kashmir to conclude whether to turn out to be a piece of India or Pakistan. 1965 † India and Pakistan battle their second war over Kashmir. Battling closes after the United Nations requires a truce. 966†Tashkand accord marked by Indias executive Lal Bahadur Shastri (who kicked the bucket the following day) and Pakistans president Ayub Khan, finishing the 17-day war among Pakistan and India the gatherings consented to pull back completely military to situate held before Aug. 5, 1965; to reestablish political relations; and to talk about financial, exile, and different inquiries. The understanding was reprimanded in India since it didn't contain a no-war agreement or any renunciation of guerrilla animosity in Kashmir. 1971 † A resistance in East Pakistan and affirmed impedance from the Indian side lead the two nations to war for a third time. East Pakistan becomes autonomous Bangladesh. 1972 † Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfkar Ali Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi consent to arrangement in Indian town of Simla over standards intended to oversee relations. The two nations chose to settle their disparities by quiet methods through two-sided dealings (2)Kashmir debate is a reciprocal issue and should be settled through two-sided exchanges (3)all consistently regard every others national solidarity, regional trustworthiness, political autonomy and 1989 † Separatist revolt begins in Indian-regulated Kashmir. India blames Pakistan for equipping and sending activists into the area, which Pakistan denies. 1998 † India completes atomic tests. Pakistan reacts with its own tests. February 1999 † Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee holds highest point with Pakistani partner Nawaz Sharif in Lahore. known as BUS DIPLOMACY 1999 † India and Pakistan wage brief clash in the mountains above Kargil on the Line of Control, the truce line isolating Jammu and Kashmir. July 2001 † Summit between Pakistani pioneer General Pervez Musharraf and Vajpayee in Agra in India finishes in disappointment. December 2001 † Militants assault Indian parliament. India accuses Pakistan-based activists Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammad of propelling assault. Pressures ascend as one million soldiers are prepared on either side of the outskirt; war just turned away months after the fact in June 2002. 2003 † Pakistan, India concur truce on the Line of Control. 2004 † The two nations dispatch a proper harmony process. ( COMPOSITE DAILOUGE) November 2008 † Ten shooters dispatch three days of different assaults in Mumbai, killing 166. India again accuses Pakistan-based aggressors and snaps converses with Pakistan. June 2009 † Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari meet uninvolved of a worldwide assembling in Russia. Singh reveals to Zardari he needs him to guarantee aggressors can't work from Pakistan. Walk Singh welcomes Pakistani Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani to watch a memorable 2011 † World Cup cricket coordinate between the different sides and examine restoring harmony process. India beat Pakistan in the match. CRlCKET DIPLOMACY May 2011 † Indian and Pakistani soldiers trade cross-fringe fire after an Indian trooper is slaughtered by Pakistani soldiers in Kashmir. After talks, India and Pakistan break no ice on the most proficient method to disarm the no-keeps an eye ashore over the Siachen icy mass. November 2011 † Pakistan ecides to concede India Most Favored Nation exchange status. Singh and Gilani guarantee another part in their history after conversations in the Maldives. 2011 † Pakistan steps toward ordinary exchange and travel attaches with India, consenting to open most business by February 2012 and ease visa rules. January 2013 † India blames a gathering for Pakistani troopers of uncouth and brutal conduct after two Indian warriors are murdered in a firefight in Kashmir and their bodies mangled. Pakistan denies contribution. Harmony talks slow down and Indian Prime Minister Singh says there can be no the same old thing. CURRENT RELATIONS TRADE RELATIONS in 1947 pakistan 70% exchange was with india. in 1952 oak fare to india was $113 million where as india traded $. 03million. equalization of exchange was in pakistan favor till 1965. from 1965 to 1975 there was no exchange. Subsequent to reviving of exchange b/w pak india with the exception of first threee year again BOT was in pakistan favor in 1993 india changed its approach from communist to industrialist mode and BOT was supportive of india in 1996 the proportion was 1:2 after india conceded MFN status to Pakistan. In 2011 it rose to 1 allowing MFN . The past legislature of the Pakistan Peoples Party advertisement reported in mid 2012 to give MFN status to India before that year's over. In any case, it didnt finish on its choice in view of approaching races and weight from certain modern and homestead entryways. Indias inability to expel non-duty boundaries (NTBs) to facilitate the progression of Pakistani products into its domain was likewise a significant purpose behind Islamabads hesitance to allow MFN status for its nearby neighbor. The Agreement (Safta) with zero duty rates in 2016. The negative rundown was additionally to be eliminated before a year ago's over, however was deferred in view of Indias refusal to emove NTBs to facilitate the worries of Pakistani makers of car and car parts, pharmaceuticals, and so forth. The two-way exchange volume has expanded to about $2 billion out of 2011-12, from $835 million of every 2004-05. The size of exchange held through third nations is assessed to be commonly more prominent than that done through authentic channels. A few evaluations recommend that reciprocal exchange could reach $10 billion of every a couple of years, if business relations standardize between the two countries. KASHMIR canvassed in detaial WATER DISPUTE: secured point by point SIR CREEK Sir Creek is a 96 km boggy strip in the Rann of Kutch region lying between he southern tips of Pakistans Sindh area and Indian province of Gujarat, opening in the Arabian Sea. The debate is identified with the Rann of Kutch. During autonomy, Pakistan acquired the control of the entire of northern Rann of Kutch, however India involved a piece of it in 1956 . The 1914 goals that granted the entire of Sir Creek to Sindh, which in 1947 Joined Pakistan while Gujarat decided on India, ought to have been regarded. The issue would have been genially settled, however two improvements changed the Indian position: right off the bat, the possibility of oil and gas being ound in the Sir Creek region and furthermore, the appearance of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of Seas (UNCLOS) to which both Pakistan and India became signatories. The ensuing Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) allowed Pakistan and India rights under the show over the ocean assets up to 200 nautical miles in the water segment and up to 300 nautical miles in the land underneath the section. Of every single two-sided contest among Pakistan and India, Sir Creek has the least complex arrangement and can be settled as a certainty building measure (CBM), preparing to settle the more mind boggling ones. Political will is required. n 2011 and 2012 gatherings were held in Islamabad and delhi and considerable improvement was seen yet due to unfavoured ties it didnot proceded futher SAICHEN GLACIER. The Siachen Glacier The underlying foundations of the contention over Siachen (the spot of roses) lie in the non-divisions on the western side on the guide past NJ9842. The 1949 Karachi understanding and the 1972 Simla understanding assumed that it was not possible for human home to endure north of NJ9842. Piror to 1984 neither India nor Pakistan had any lasting nearness in the zone. The contention started in 1984 with Indias effective Operation Meghdoot during which it wrested control of the Siachen Glacier (abandoned and not divided territory). in 2012 GYARI area occurrence obviously this question is useless and futile to remain there. detainees : 2007 INDO PAK Judicial committe made out of resigned eight Judges from the two sides was shaped to know quantities of detainee on the two sides . hello invistegated the state of Jails and prisooners to acquire and encourage arrival of detainee. ln late past detainees were traded from the two sides. Visa system in ongoing past new visa system was marked by the two nations hich incorporate new visa system, more concessions have been given to the businesspeople from both the nations with giving them differe nt section one year visa with the exclusion from the Po

Five Forces free essay sample

The Five Forces are †¢Threat of new participants oAn basic piece of staying serious, an association should continually know about new associations coming into a similar market. They should be set up to offer better administrations/costs/and so on than the new association. †¢Threat of substitute items or administrations Organizations must know about items or administrations that could be utilized as a substitute for what they are advertising. A cleaning organization must know that individuals are fit for cleaning their own homes. KFC must know that individuals can make their food at home. This encourages them to conclude how to showcase their administrations/items as more essential than the substitutes. †¢Bargaining intensity of clients oCustomers can search at the best costs, and are in every case more than ready to take their business to the most reduced bidder. An association must know about different costs and have the option to coordinate those costs on the off chance that they need to keep their clients. We will compose a custom article test on Five Forces or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page WalMart has a value coordinate assurance which is as it should be. Individuals can go to one place and go through the entirety of their cash, WalMart still brings in cash since they get the items for short of what they are getting them from the providers for. †¢Bargaining intensity of providers oNot just would customers be able to take their business somewhere else; providers can too. They are hoping to get the most generously compensated cost for their item, and will offer to the individual who is happy to pay or exchange the most elevated worth. So as to get the best items or administrations to give to clients, an association must have the option to effectively deal with their providers †¢Intensity of serious contention oIf an association is to be effectively serious, they should know how close their rivals are to offering better items/administrations/costs. In the event that an organization is fresh out of the box new and simply beginning, they more than likely won't be in a similar hover as an entrenched organization. In any case, an organization that has been around for quite a long time and has a balanced and steadfast client base will be significantly more seriously serious.

Continuum Of Care Outline Essay

I. Presentation II. Partners A. The â€Å"description of the jobs of different partners in the medicinal services industry who are associated with the continuum of care† (University of Phoenix, 2015). 1. Who the patients are. 2. Who the workers are. 3. Who the payers are. 4. Who the suppliers are. B. â€Å"How the part adds to or brings down the general administration of social insurance resources† (University of Phoenix, 2015). 1. Is this a positive or negative effect? III. Administrations gave and employees’ role(s). A. â€Å"Discuss the administrations gave and how these administrations fit into the continuum of care† (University of Phoenix, 2015). 1. What administrations are given? 2. How do these administrations fit into the continuum of care? 3. â€Å"The job of changing patients starting with one degree of care then onto the next in the social insurance continuum† (University of Phoenix, 2015). See increasingly: 5 passage article position B. â€Å"Description of the social insurance conveyance component’s job in giving services† (University of Phoenix, 2015). 1. Who offers these types of assistance? 2. How the administrations are conveyed. IV. Present and Future of Home Health Care A. What are the present patterns and how they are evolving? B. What the potential patterns are. 1. How these potential patterns will change conveyance parts and administrations later on. 2. Pleasing for the future patterns. V. The Characteristics of Integrated Delivery System (IDS) A. Social insurance associations. B. Network wellbeing. VI. End References College of Phoenix. (2015). Continuum of Care Presentation. Recovered from University of Phoenix, HCS/235-Health Care Delivery in the U.S. site.

The Alhambra in Granada Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Alhambra in Granada - Term Paper Example Alhambra in Granada is a significant work of Muslim workmanship in Europe that should be unfurled. For a considerable length of time, it has enchanted guests with its prepared dividers, pointed curves, towers, appealing twists, carvings, and dazzling nurseries. The landmark in Granada was made in the thirteen century by a Muslim ruler Nasrid Emirs of Granada, Spain (Allsop 2011). The name of the palace was begun from an Arabicâ source. The name alludes to the factâ that the shade of the towers and dividers that encloseâ the completeâ hillâ of are silver in night andâ gold in light. The given name of Alhambraâ has an importance of â€Å"Red or Crimson Castle† (Fogarty 2007). The component of the slope where the Alhambra is arranged has a length of 740m (2430 ft). The most elevated broadness is 205m (574 ft) in width. The landmark depends on an enormous zone of 142,000 square meters. Darro is a stream which streams from the north and capacities to isolate the level and the Albican region of Granada (Hernandez et al 2010). The development of the castle was started by the Arabs who were exceptionally intrigued by crafted by the Romans. This persuaded them to extend and add new establishments to streets and cities. In9th century the development of Alhambra was consequently begun in Sabika Hill, however it is accepted that in Roman occasions and even before there was no structure that enormous. The Cordova common war brought about the taking over of the state by another Caliph and the main significant advance that was the development of the capital from Elvira to Granada. This progression was taken in the eleventh century during the hour of the Zirid Dynasty. The commencement of the fifteenth century was set apart by the inhabitance by the Ziries in Alcazaba Cadima, or current manor, arranged inside the Albayzin area and was made piece of King Dar-al-Horra’s Palace. The town of Granada began thriving from the base of the slope where at first Jews were settled. Vizier Samuel ibn Naghrela began the development and revamped the abandoned skeleton arranged on the Sabikah Hill and began chip away at the Alhambra to make it his palace (EdicionesEdilux S.L 2007). In twelfth century the succeeding assaults of Almoravides and Almohades in Granada stopped after fierce and blood-scattered battles in the Alcazaba Del Albayzinâ and in the manor of Alhambra, which was the place of refuge for the Andalusians just as the Borth African assailants (Allsop 2011). Ahmar ibn Nasir was the initiator of the Nasrid Dynasty. He used to live at the Alcazaba of the Albayzin. Ahmar was exceptionally worried about respect to the wrecked structure of the Alhambra and he chose to remade the royal residence and use it as his court. Ahmar knew about the high status of the Alhambra as lords and rulers had utilized this royal residence and lived in it. He raised the status of the spot and the high ups and the lords of Nasrid Dynasty kept up the patter n and the Alhambra was in this way set apart to be the living arrangement of the favored individuals. The Alhambra kept up its benefit all through the residency of the Nasrid Dynasty. The Dynasty in the long run reached a conclusion in the fifteenth century (EdicionesEdilux S.L 2007). A few sources accept that there is no proof to the Alhambra being held as a living arrangement of rulers until the thirteen century, yet at the same time

Jeff Sachs on ABC COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Jeff Sachs on ABC COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA professor Jeff Sachs recently appeared on a segment of ABC news to discuss investment in alternative forms of energy.   Professor Sachs is a Special Advisor to United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and from 2002 to 2006 was the Director of the UN Millennium Project and Special Advisor to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan on the Millennium Development Goals, the internationally agreed goals to reduce extreme poverty, disease, and hunger by the year 2015. To read the article and view the accompanying video, please click here.

Social Stigma of ADHD - Free Essay Example

Humans have always been critical towards discussing mental ailments. With globalization, mental disorders have increased exponentially and is predicted to increase even further. Most mental disorders are complex that their origins remain anonymous. Throughout the world studies are being conducted to identify the origins of mental disorders so that a permanent cure could be devised. Studies even shows us that each disorder presents new symptoms in each individual which makes it difficult to identify. This may be caused due to the particular environment of the individual, the genetic makeup, and overall health and wellbeing of the individual. Among the predominant mental disorders, Attention Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder (A.D.H.D) has riddled scientist for centuries. With advancements in genetics and DNA splicing, scientists are able to get closer to understanding what causes ADHD. The usual symptoms of ADHD include inattention, hyperactivity, and minimal social skills. These symptoms may vary from person to person and can even vary with ageing. Although ADHD is characterized as a mental disorder, it has now been recognized as simply a hurdle meant to be crossed. Studies have shown that a person with ADHD could recover from th e severe stages with intense training and self-discipline. Mental disorders and their treatment have been frowned on by society and there exists a societal stigma that prevents patients from acquiring proper medication and help. Even in the 21st century, the stigma continues to linger and creates challenges for people with ADHD to receive help and proper medication. Social awareness of the mental disorder is a necessity and is being explored. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, is a common and highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder that is seen in children and adults as well. ADHD in adults has only recently become the focus of widespread medical attention. For over 20 years, ADHD has been viewed as comprising three primary symptoms, these being poor attention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity but has lately been brought down to two, hyperactivity and impairment. The first case of ADHD was recorded in the year 1902 by a British pediatrician named George Still. He described the condition as an abnormal defect of moral children . Dr George discovered that the children who suffered from ADHD could not control their behavior as a typical child of the same age. However, he recorded that the patients suffering from ADHD were identical in intelligence and resolved problems similarly to other patients of the same age. Early treatment of ADHD consisted of the use of Benzedrine, which became an approved drug in the year 1936 by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA). After treatment with the drug, it was recorded that an unexpected side effect of Benzedrine helped patients suffering from ADHD perform better in academics. Unfortunately, these findings were ignored and remained anonymous until researchers began to identify the benefits of the drug. The disorder was not identified as a mental disorder up until the year 1987 when the APA recognized it as a mental disorder and included it in the Third edition of Diagnostical and Statistical Manual which listed the known mental disorders. In the year 1955, the FDA approved the psychostimulant Ritalin (methylphenidate). It has now become the most popular treatment of ADHD and to this date, is being prescribed to patients. ADHD, although prominent among children, was not given the recognized as a mental disorder until the publication of the DSM 2 in the year 1968. The disorder was titled Hyperkinetic Impulse Disorder. Later, in the year 1980, the name of the disorder was revised to Attention Deficiency Disorder (ADD). Even though the title was revised, it was widely believed that hyperactivity was not a common symptom. This led to the creation of 2 Subtypes of ADD ADD with hyperactivity and ADD without hyperactivity (Healthline, 1). This led to conflict among researchers and in the year 1987, the title was changed to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or commonly know today as ADHD in the revised edition of DSM 3. This definition combined the preexisting research and combined three of the dominant symptoms of the disorderhyperactivity, inattentiveness, impulsiveness. Although the definition was revised in later years, it provided the foundation for the current research of ADHD. One of the most predominant issues faced by ADHD patients is be considered dumb or less intelligent than a typical human being. Studies conducted by Maria Keilow using the Danish admirative registry data proves that children with ADHD exhibited similar intelligence to other typical children of their age. Using administrative register data on children, who begin medical treatment, Keilow conducted a series of natural experiments and exploited plausible exogenous variation in medical nonresponse to estimate the effect of medical treatment on school-leaving GPA. After numerous stages of treatment, Keilow compared the GPA of the students who were under treatment to that of other typical students. She also compared a typical students grade to that of patients who had discontinued the treatment partly of completely and found that there existed around .18 to .22 deviation from the standard among participating patients. Keilow proved that students suffering from ADHD may be able to reduce t he negative social consequences of ADHD. Several studies similar to Keilow have proved that the effects of ADHD could be reduced in patientsespecially in children and teens and could one day lead to a permeant cure. In studies trying to find causes of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), relatives of ADHD children were found to be at high risk for the disorder. Half-sibling, twin, adoption, and segregation analysis studies suggest that genes mediate this familial aggregation. This suggests that genetic studies may be helpful in clarifying the etiology of ADHD. A chief obstacle that is that the research must face is the problem of genetic heterogeneity: For common disorders like ADHD, several genetic and nongenetic factors may independently cause the disorder. This heterogeneity complicates genetic research, because the patterns observed in a heterogeneous group of families may obscure each of the specific mechanisms that independently causes ADHD. Recent studies show major differences in clinical presentation in relation to age and gender. Many research studies surfacing recently, shows how symptoms of ADHD might differ among males and females. In the early ages, marked differences are observable in the prevalence of ADHD between the two genders even though symptoms of ADHD emerge early in childhood in both genders, with a mean age of onset between infancy and 7 years. A prevalence of 5â€Å"7% has been reported in boys and 2â€Å"4% in girls. In addition, research has found that girls have fewer symptoms of ADHD than boys, although several investigations have reported contrary results.As for treatment for patients with ADHD, in the most recent analysis year (2005), 4.4% of children received one or more prescriptions for ADHD medications. Use of these medications was more common among older children (ages 10 to 19) than younger children (ages 0 to 9), and boys were 2.3 times more likely to use these medications than girls. O lder boys (ages 10 to 19) showed the highest prevalence of use; 8.1% of boys in this age range used ADHD medications during 2005. During the 6-year study period (2000 to 2005), the intensity of ADHD medication treatment increased for patients in most demographic groups. Use grew most rapidly for younger children (ages 0 to 9) and for adults (ages 20 to 64). Lower growth rates were observed for older children (ages 10 to 19) and for seniors. The continuing disparity between ADHD treatment rates for boys and girls may be due, in part, to underdiagnosis of the condition in girls. The condition may be less visible or less identifiable in some girls which may lead to a delay in diagnosis or a failure to identify the condition at all. The age distribution of medication use shows a disparity in treatment rates between boys and girls at all age levels, although the disparity narrows markedly for older teenagers. The age distribution provides suggestive evidence that the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in girls typically occurs later than in boys. The peak treatment range for girls (ages 12 to 14) is somewhat later than the peak treatment range for boys (ages 10 to 13), and treatment rates do not decline among older girls as rapidly as they decline for older boys. Another study was carried out to test the parental knowledge and opinions on ADHD and their symptoms. The method they used to find attain the result was to basically give the parents a MCQ test with questions assessing the parents knowledge of ADHD symptoms, causes, diagnostics, medications, treatment options called AKOS (ADHD Knowledge and Opinion). The subjects were comprised of 81 families, the mothers mean age was 37 years. The majority of families were blue-collar workers (65.2%), with a smaller proportion of white-collar workers (17.5%) and unemployed families (17.3%). Single parents constituted 30.9% of the sample. The range of education of mothers included having completed elementary school or some high school (17.3%); having completed high school (22.2%); having had at least some post-secondary education (60.5%). Each child initially went through 3- or 4-week blind titration phase. The dose of medication or placebo started at 5 mg twice daily, once in the morning and once a t lunch. The dose was increased weekly in 5 mg steps, to a target dose of 0.7 mg/kg body weight in a single oral dose administered twice daily. The dose of medication could be increased or decreased as deemed necessary by the study physician to minimize side effects while trying to reach the target dose. Parents were told it was appropriate for children to take the medication 7 days weekly, including but were given discretion to omit weekend and holiday doses. If families asked to change to the alternate medication (MPH or placebo), a second blind titration was undertaken to achieve the target dose. After the parents took the AKOS, 68 families (84.0%) enrolled into the medication treatment, and 52 families (64.2%) enrolled into the parent-group treatment. (A program that followed an approach of coping-modelling and problem-solving, in which participants formulated solutions to specific child-management problems after observing videotapes depicting these problems.) Although numerous studies have been published and social awareness of teens has been increased, ADHD continues to be a disorder that is socially disliked. ADHD in adults creates an interesting new argument. A study conducted by Anselm B. M. Fuermaier provided participants with a survey questioner to find the depth of the effect of social stigma of ADHD in adults. The study utilized mathematical equations to back up his findings and calculate the results. Fuermaier classified the responses from adults as a factor called Reliability and Social Functioning factor. Fuermarier stated that stigmatizing attitudes as measured by reliability and social Functioning factor, therefore represent a depreciation of the individuals social abilities and may lead to social rejection and exclusion ( Measurement of Stigma towards Adult ADHD,7) Fuermaier compared the response between the general population with that of teachers and physicians. He stated that the general population were more prone to st igma while teachers recognize the potential among individuals suffering from ADHD. Fuermaiers studies also proved the existence of several profiles of stigmatism in the society. This means that a stigma towards ADHD exists in various forms throughout society at varying levels. Fuermaier suggested that mentoring and teaching people with ADHD from a young age to early adulthood helps in reducing the social stigma surrounding ADHD in the society.

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Diversity, Culture, Race, Ethnicity, And Diversity

Organizations are made up of man woman, many cultures races, and multiple generations. Some of the organizations are also comprised of disable employees. This is what we called diversity. Diversity is something that has been around in the organizations for decades. Diversity in Collins Dictionary means, the state or quality of being different or varied and range of different things. It is synonyms to variety, mixture, range, and multiplicity. According to Queensborough Community College in its website define diversity as â€Å"Understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies.† Diversity is the mixture of people, culture, race, ethnicity, and more. Diversity can somehow affect the employees and can be challenges to the managers. 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In return, Hollywood s dependence on â€Å"whitewashing† roles as a cross-racial/ethnic representation withholds the power to extraordinarily change viewer’s depiction of minority groups. Consequently, what follows is the important and constituent emotional state of individuals when facing questions of white privilege, power, and diversity in the

Report on Classification Of Business Essay - 1015 Words

Report on Classification Of Business Classification of Businesses according to their types of activity: Primary Sector Businesses: The gathering of raw materials, such as fish, oil, or coal from the land or sea or growing using the earth to grow things such as crops or trees Examples: Rio Tinto (Mining), JCI Gold (Mining), Anglo Amer (Mining), BP (Oil and Gas), and Soco International (Oil and Gas). Secondary Sector Businesses: The processing of raw materials into finished goods. Examples of this are food production, computer component manufacture, and car manufacture. Examples: Schweppes (Food and Drink), Unilever (Food and Drink), Intel (Computer Component Production) and Ati (Computer Component Production).†¦show more content†¦Currently the top company in the UK using this method is; HSBC Group (Banking) ($M673, 474) Definitions of Business Localities Local: Businesses trading within, and not exceeding the bounds of the local area, normally defined as within a county or town. National: Businesses trading within, and not exceeding the bounds of one country. International: Businesses trading worldwide, between two or more countries. Classification of Business according to their objective(s): A profit driven business would have its only, or more commonly, its main objective set as making as much money as possible. A non-profit driven business would have different objectives, such as to survive, or, in the case of the business being a charity, to give as much money as possible to needy causes. An example of a profit driven business is Microsoft Corporation (Software), with a turnover of $Thou 25,296,000 An example of a non-profit driven business is the MOD (Ministry of Defence), the main aim being to provide a defence service. Report on Two Businesses in my local area: The two businesses I have chosen to report on are: Marks Spencer Plc, and Marconi. These are both international businesses, but both have local branches. 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Human Resource Management on Employee Development

What is employee development? Employee development is a kind of connection, continuous effort on the part of an employee and the organization for which employee works to upgrade the employee s knowledge, skills, and abilities. Successful employee development need to find a balance between an individual s career needs, goals and the organization s need in order to get work done and achieve company goals. Employee development programs make positive contributions to organizational performance. A company with highly skilled employees and supervisor and achieve more than those company lack of developed and stillness employees. Why Should Employee Skills and Abilities Be Developed? Most of the research hold the same belief that employee†¦show more content†¦Conclusion At present, intranet technology is just designed as an electronic library but actually it can do more than that. Intranet can provide real-time feedback to mangers and employees. It will make managers especially human recourse managers easier to implement training and development programs. Intranet also can tell what is important of today’s task time by time. Journal two: Developing local talent in international subsidiaries: the importance of trust and respect in Toyota By Phallapa Petison and Lalit M. Johri Thainization Philosophy Toyota is known as the world wide motor manufacture in order to achieve its global market strategic goal and meet the international product standards. Toyota wants to transfer its first overseas subsidiary Toyota Motor Thailand (TMT) into Thais employee managed subsidiary from Japanese managed. However to accomplish this task Toyota faces several challenges in the process of deepening the role of Thai employees. And training and develop the potential employees. 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Women in Slave Comunity Free Essays

WOMEN IN SLAVE COMMUNITIES Slavery is the saddest period of human’s history. What slaves went through was really hard and it takes strong people to survive to that’s situation. They not only had to work every day of their lives without any compensation, but they were also broken down morally and separated from their families. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Slave Comunity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Slaves were not treated as humans. They were treated as objects and machines and the only thing they were supposed to do were to obey to their masters, and if not, they would get beaten up, whipped or even killed. This is clearly shown on the Angela Davis’s essay, Reflection on the Black Woman’s Role in the Community of Slaves. But if slavery was hard for men, for women was so much harder because they had to work all day on the plantations like animals and at the end of the day they had to take care of the master’s house, cook, clean, and take care of everything else. They had no other choice. The next morning they had to wake up early in four in the morning and do the same thing fro the rest of their lives; no future, no hope, nothing to keep them going. Slaves didn’t even have the support of their families because they were separated from them. The mother would get separated from their child as soon as they were born and they were not supposed to see their own blood. They had no right to the family, to get married ect. If two slaves would be in love with each other, they would have their rituals and ceremonies to â€Å"get marries† within slavery, but still they didn’t have the right as a woman or as a husband. The masters could have sex with any woman they wanted and the â€Å"husband† could do nothing about it; they had no right on their own lives and of course they didn’t have any rights in protecting their women. What stood up to me is that, how did these women, having this huge role in slave communities, how did they find the time to fulfill their duties? They didn’t have any motivation. Even when they tried to rebel against their masters by poisoning the food or put the house in fire, they would get killed, burned, hanged ect. It is funny how women in today’s days complain about the smallest thing; they complain that they have to go to work and take care of their babies and houses, and they complain that it is too much. All I hear around me is the expression â€Å"I am so tired,† â€Å"Didn’t get enough sleep last night,† etc and when I think about these woman that had to work on the plantations all day long in the worst weather and with no brakes, they had to go home back to their maters and take care of the house as well, and they had to wake up really early in the morning to do the same thing over again. That is really sad and not fair. I am glad that that type of slavery is over but I don’t understand why there is still discrimination and racism out there. How to cite Women in Slave Comunity, Papers

Classical Conditioning free essay sample

As far as a conditioned response goes, emotions greatly come into play. Emotions are triggered by something, or maybe someone. One famous study that proves classical conditioning can trigger a phobia, -check your punctuation -is the case of â€Å"Little Albert†. John Watson and Rosalie Rayner performed a study with a nine month old baby. They would show him a rat, and then make a loud scary noise using a steel bar. Over the course of a few months, little Albert developed a fear of the rat because of the frightening noise associated with it. However, classical conditioning is not that simple, fears don’t just simply develop one time something bad happens. â€Å"Classical conditioning does not occur every time a bell rings, a baby startles, or a wolf eats some tainted lamb chops. Several factors influence the extent to which classical conditioning will occur. † (Robin Kowalski, Drew Westen,   2011). Learning can play a big part in classical conditioning. The conditioned response (CR) is that the bell stimulated the pupils to dilate. Prier to this time, the ringing of the bell had no effect on the dilation of my pupils. Therefore, the classical conditioning programmed my pupils to dilate upon the ringing of the bell and controlling the light stimuli. I repeated the same experiment but this time I did not ring the bell at all to see if the time would have a response. Every fifteen seconds I would turn the lights either on or off. The results were negative. In conclusion, indeed it took two stimuli, the ringing of the bell and the lights to provoke a response.

Synopsis of Article Perception Some Recent Research and Implications for Administration by Sheldon S. Zalkind and Timothy W. Costello Essay Example For Students

Synopsis of Article Perception: Some Recent Research and Implications for Administration by Sheldon S. Zalkind and Timothy W. Costello Essay Synopsis Perception: Some recent research and implications for administration by Sheldon S. Zalkind and Timothy W. Costello Any person usually bases his decisions on his perception towards others. This happens more critical when the person in question is an administrator or manager as his decisions and actions are critical not only to himself but also to his organization. Nowadays the management studies are becoming more and more influenced by the behavioral sciences. This also includes the study of perception as one of its most important parts. The factors influencing ones perception were first identified by Johnson in 1944 where he researched â€Å"object perception†. He listed many suggestions like subconscious influence by not so obvious considerations, responding to irrelevant hints, guidance by emotions, giving more weightage to his/her favorites opinions etc. Infact one may not be aware of the factors on which one is making the perceptual judgments. Again in 1958, Burner described the role of needs, values, culture, interests etc on the process of perceptions. We will write a custom essay on Synopsis of Article Perception: Some Recent Research and Implications for Administration by Sheldon S. Zalkind and Timothy W. Costello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A different idea was proposed by Cantril were he described perception as a transaction between the person making the perception and the one being perceived where in finally the resulting perception depends both on the influences within the perceiver and the characteristics of the perceived. One of the important factors influencing the perception process is the mindset as demonstrated by Kelley. He showed that one forms a perception about someone and behaves accordingly as per his prior expectations. As it is said first impressions are the last impressions, which to a great extent is true as so far as their being lasting is concerned, but weather they are accurate or not is usually a matter of question. Here also the needs, values, expectations of the person making the judgment (usually the administrator) play an important factor in the impressions he or she forms about some body. Most of the times they are not accurate and are even to a great extent based on the situation or surrounding in which they are made. Also experts agree that the impressions are also influenced by some very personal reactions of the perceiver. Some of the factors influencing or rather distorting the impressions are listed and explained as under. Stereotyping : This refers to the beliefs made by people about other people based on the groups to which they belong. It is used to form judgments about others (mostly inaccurate) on the basis of the ethnic group they belong to or even other types of groups like rich, poor, union, bankers, aristocrats etc. Each group is associated with some unverified qualities which are also attributed to their members and used to make perceptions about them. Any stereotype being very widespread does not becomes accurate but rather means that many people are making the same mistake. Another research by Luft shows that stereotypes also influence the notion of personality adjustment, associating adjustment with riches and maladjustment with the poor. Halo Effect : Halo effect is the another perceptional process where in one characteristics of someone is used to form impression about his other characteristics. The â€Å"halo† of one trait screens the other traits for which a person is being judged. This has been shown to have an important role in processes like performance appraisals. As explained by Bruner and Taguiri, halo effect has an even stronger impact when one tries to form impression on traits not given out by ones behavior, or has moral consequences or when one has little exposure to such traits. Symonds even suggested that the halo effect is more pronounced, the more we are familiar with the person in question. Projection : This is the process by which someone tries to reduce his guilt of wrongdoing or failure by trying to put the blame on someone else. .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc , .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .postImageUrl , .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc , .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:hover , .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:visited , .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:active { border:0!important; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:active , .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: the diary of anne frank EssayIt also refers to the fact that the present mental state of the perceiver influences his perception of the others. As per Sears it is seeing our own negative personality traits in others. Perceptual Defense : Demonstrated by Haire and Grunes, perceptual defense refers to the fabricating material which will make one avoid removing his stereotypes already held or changing the beliefs held by him or her in perceiving others. It offers and explanation to the perceptual distortions made by people when they are faced with facts inconsistent with their stereotypes. Characteristics of the perceiver The characteristics of the perceiver which enable him to make perceptions are 1. Knowing oneself makes it easier to see other accurately : When a person is aware of his own traits or has insights, he will be making lesser errors while perceiving others. 2. Ones own characteristics affect the characteristics he is likely to see in others : The characteristics which are important to one person will also be looked for when he or she makes an opinion about someone. One uses certain fixed factors while judging others and also the weightage one gives to these factors. 3. The person who accepts himself is more likely to be able to see favorable aspects of other people : If the perceiver is aware of himself and accepts himself as he is, he is supposed to make less negative perception of others as he extends his criteria for judging others. The areas where he or she feels insecure, he or she finds deficiencies in others too. 4. Accuracy in perceiving others is not a single skill : A persons ability in judging or making perceptions about others with a fair amount of accuracy will depend upon the fact that whether he appreciates differences between individuals and also the norms used for judging them. The characteristics of the perceived which affect the perceptions about him/her 1. Status : With all the things identical the social or organizational status of a person makes him or her being perceived differently from the others. As an example high status people are seen as wanting to cooperate while the lower status people are viewed as having to cooperate though they are doing the same thing. 2. Category : Same action by two persons from two different departments will be percieved differently. This is similar to stereotyping. 3. Visibility of traits : The more a person demonstrates his characteristics, the more he is liable to be judged correctly. This provides the reason why traits like honesty, loyalty etc are hard to judge because they are not always very much visible. Situational influences on perception How we perceive others also depends upon the situation in which they are being perceived. If someone meets other in a very friendly environment they will find many similar characteristics in each other. This can also be applied in and administrative environment wherein a cooperative interactive situation be created instead of a competitive one so that the chances of finding others as similar to one another can be increased. This forms the basis of formation of committees and work groups in any organization. Though an alternate study also shows that we are more influenced by the strangers about whose strengths and weaknesses we dont know than the people whom we very well know. A managers perception will also be limited by the aspects of situation which directly relate to the position or section he works in. Though it seems in the first sight that being able to form accurate perceptions about others helps in making smooth and effective interpersonal adjustments but studies reveal inconsistencies. Steiner explained these inconsistencies by saying that the perceptual accuracies will affect interaction when interacting persons are cooperative, behavior being perceived is relevant to the situation and when the members can easily alter their behavior based on the perceptions.

Reading Comprehension and Use of the Sample Exam Essay in Harvard Business School

Reading Comprehension and Use of the Sample Exam Essay in Harvard Business SchoolThe Harvard Business School Sample Exam Essay is a computer-based test and not an actual test. It will provide students with an overview of the course and some practice questions to test their reading comprehension skills.The essay, which will follow each chapter of the textbook, will also help students understand the job duties and responsibilities of the executive. The sample exam will also help students clarify the question on which skill sets they must possess in order to succeed in this course. Those who have taken similar classes at other schools may find this course to be a breeze since this one has been designed to provide its students with just the same practical skills they would find in a real-life environment.The Sample Exam provides a brief overview of the different sections of the book and how they relate to one another. Questions about specific topics are included, as well as descriptions of the chapters to help students learn the key concepts. Students may choose to write a short response to one of the questions or review all of the information. They will have a couple of weeks to prepare for the exam, even though it is not a real one.It is very important to take this Exam Essay seriously, as it can greatly affect how well a student does in the course. As soon as the exam is given, students should attempt to understand the format before writing their essay. Most students also avoid practicing the essay on the computer until they have taken a similar course at their school.Some students may feel that they do not need to take the exam since they have taken the class at a college level. This course can actually prepare students for the practical requirements of this academic level, and it can help them gain an understanding of what other subjects are required in their university courses. Many students have found that their college courses are not so different from the college-level courses that they take at Harvard.To successfully complete the study of management, business school students must not only study the theories of management but also practice the theory in practice. The actual exam is the perfect tool to help students learn how to organize their time, manage their tasks, and find the best possible solutions to many of the business problems that they face every day. Taking the exam makes them aware of the importance of such skills and gives them the opportunity to become familiar with the professional skills that they will need as they enter the workplace.Students who want to give themselves a real test can use the Study Aid Software provided by CompuServe that can be accessed over the internet. These software programs are available in both windows and Macintosh and will allow students to download them to their personal computers so that they can prepare for the exam without having to sit down in front of a computer and do the work. Many students have found that the software makes a huge difference in their ability to study and to master new information.Students may want to prepare by taking a computer-based test, just as they did when they were in high school and prepare to go home and review the material they studied online. Then, they can prepare for the exam by taking the same exam the computer is designed to take. While it is not quite as realistic as taking a real exam, it can provide students with useful experience in preparation for the real thing.

Jupiter - Monster of Our Solar System essays

Jupiter - Monster of Our Solar System essays ?Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system that named after kings of gods in Roman mythology. Also, ancient Greeks called the Jupiter- Zeus, whom is the king of the Greek pantheon. (Jupiter, Largest) In early days of 1610, the father of the modern astronomy Galileo, who made it first recorded sighting of the Jupiter system, only after 18 months after the first telescope was invented (Jupiter: The). The day in Jupiter is only 9.9 hours and orbits the Sun in 11.86 years (Jupiter: The). It is visible to naked eye and four hundred million miles(~5AU) away from earth. The composition of Jupiter's atmosphere is similar to that of the sun mostly hydrogen and helium. Moreover, Jupiter acts like miniature solar system. Presence of Jupiter is one very important reason why we have life on Earth, and habitable environment instead of pummeled by so many comets and astroids (Jupiter: The). Also, It has an enormous magnetic field and more than sixty moons. Jupiter has the most exotic weather patterns we have ever discovered in the solar system. Finally, Jupiter's four largest moons are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.These four moons are known today as the Galilean satellites. Formation of Jupiter is greatest misery associated with its formation as a planet. Jupiter is the biggest planet in the solar system, more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined (Jupiter, Largest). Some believe Jupiter may have been a failed star, like the sun, it has the right ingredients. Jupiter is 84% hydrogen and 14% helium, which are the two lightest and the most abundant elements in the universe (Jupiter: The). However, it does not have enough mass to create internal pressure and temperature necessary to have nuclear fusion. If it had been about 80 times more massive, it would have actually become a star instead of a planet (Jupiter, Largest). The imme...

5 Tips for Handling Clients

5 Tips for Handling Clients 5 Tips for Handling Clients 5 Tips for Handling Clients By Colin Running a home-based writing business is a great way to make a living. It allows one to be creative, flexible, and above all, it allows for a certain amount of freedom. There remains however, some things that anybody who runs any size of business can get out of; client management. Without clients you have no business, and without your business, it’s back to the drawing board. There are several key points all freelance writers should remember, in order to stay organised, stress-free, and legally covered. None are hard to implement, but one should work hard at sticking to the following basic guidelines: Get It In Writing First It goes without saying that contracts are a vital tool if you want to be a successful freelance writer. Having a standard contract detailing your terms of work, deliverables, and billing procedures, sets client expectations and means you will be taken seriously. Always ask for the contract to be signed and dated, and provide a copy for your client for their own records. Any further agreements should be placed in a superseding contract. Template contracts are readily available from the Internet, but a good one can be adapted from the example provided by Peter Bowerman in his book, The Well-Fed Writer. Set Your Payment Schedule In Advance There’s nothing more unprofessional than an unprepared freelance writer. When asked how much a job will cost, a client wants to hear confidence, reliability, and professionalism, more than they do a bottom-rate charge. Good clients know how much good writers cost, so set your rate card in advance and stick to it. Working for free or severely discounted rates not only damages your reputation, but it leaves you open to being taken advantage of. Nobody will take you seriously, and it hurts the industry as a whole, especially for those writers who do charge market rates for work that you have offered to do for next to nothing. Clients try many tricks to get payments down to a minimum, so always remain aware of slick persuasive tactics. Don’t become over friendly, and keep the relationship business-like and professional. This includes when asking for payment, and sticking to the terms of the contract they have already signed. Set Reasonable Deadlines Never be pressurised into agreeing to work at a shortened timescale, when you know you will struggle to complete it. It’s far better to complete a project well within an agreed deadline than after it, because the client will likely not use you again. Until you are very experienced, always be prudent with your time estimates for work to completion, and incorporate revision and research time within the original estimate. If a client has a non-debatable deadline in which he is looking for your help to meet, it may be a good tactical move to rearrange other work to accommodate him. If there is room for altering one or two other deadlines to meet a client’s urgent request, they will be delighted when you are seen to be bending over backwards to help. Obviously, this scenario will result in a higher percentage fee for the client, so have a line detailing this in your contract. Be Comfortable Saying ‘No’ Sometimes it’s all too easy to agree to take work, especially when you start to do well and the money begins to roll in. But it’s not always a good idea to take on too much work if you don’t want to hurt the relationships you have built up with your clients. Not only will you end up working 20-hour days, but the quality of your work will deteriorate, you will lose your focus, your clients, and probably lose your head. Money isn’t everything, and the business won’t grow any faster. Saying ‘No’ is as important as saying ‘Yes,’ and further down the line you will be glad you struck a balance. Working for oneself is supposed to permit a certain amount of freedom, so don’t blow that by agreeing to every project that comes along. Your body will thank you for it, and believe it or not, clients will respect you for it. If they really want you, they will wait until you can schedule them in or pay you to reschedule them in. Allow Downtime for Administration Being a self-employed freelance writer means more than typing out articles, sales copy, or web content. You are the director, the manager, the employee, the cleaner, the accountant, the marketing executive, the secretary, and even the cleaner. In short, the success of your business depends on you! In order to keep your business running smoothly and efficiently, you must build in a certain amount of time each week for administrative tasks. It helps if you can develop as smooth a process as possible for keeping track of all your work, looking for more work, and managing cash flow. Whatever process you settle on, stick to it religiously but don’t be afraid to adapt it if it needs fixing. Falling behind will get you into a mess very quickly, and you will only spend more time than you can afford untangling the mess and fixing all the problems. An unorganised freelance writer rarely gets work, is never taken seriously, and loses clients faster than hot cakes from a baker’s shop. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of Rhyme3 Types of HeadingsComment, Suggestion, and Feedback

Court , Newcastle Upon Tyne Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Court , Newcastle Upon Tyne - Essay Example The role of the Crown Court is to deal with the most serious criminal matters. which include cases which are sent to the Crown Court from magistrates courts or youth courts due to the seriousness of the offence. Sole entering in Court 3 of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Combined Court Centre shows very specific atmosphere of law, order and formality. Located in imposing building made of red brick and glass, Court center dominates the center of the town. Criminal court layout is typical for crown courts in United Kingdom. Room is dominated by judgeswearing colored gowns which are seated in the far end of the room, while in front of them is seated court clerk that manages all the court files relating the case that is being on process. Also in the area just in front of the judges bench is the sound recordist which records proceedings on a double deck cassette recorder with one tape or the other being changed at intervals. This record may be used if the case later goes to appeal. Throughout the roo m prosecution and defense lawyers are seated while behind them are places for probation officers and press reporters. Along the wall on the opposite side of magistrates are seats for audience and another court clerk while the doc, place where accused is seating is placed by the right wall of the courtroom. From that place he is able to monitor all the acters of the process. The court layout was good because no matter where you was seated you still had a good view of the surroundings David Moore case which I have visited showed all the complexity and way of work of criminal justice courts in United Kingdom. This 16 year old youth is accused together with his brother for damaging of property, and on 21th of February was brought for a first hearing which was conducted to decade if there is enough potential for starting the trial. Several minor issues were tackled during the

Book Report about Too Much of a Good Thing by Dan Kindlon Essay

Book Report about Too Much of a Good Thing by Dan Kindlon - Essay Example In the name of protecting their children, parents actually drag them away from facing challenges and fighting against failures. This really shatters their growth and strength and finally they loose their mental stability at times of depression. He says that many of them blame their parents for being too protective, and just because of this they loose all the chances of meeting new and varied challenges. In this way, the book also examines children’s attitude towards their parents. "What we want for our children is a perfect life devoid of hardship and pain," Kindlon states. "But their happiness as adults is largely dependent on the tools we give them, tools that will allow them to develop emotional maturity-to be honest with themselves, to be empathetic, to take initiative, to delay gratification, to learn from failure and move on, to accept their flaws, and to face the consequences when theyve done something wrong." The book stresses on the point that parents should spend much of their time with children discussing about their actions, desires and so on. They should talk to them freely and must always create a friendly atmosphere. The book also teaches how parents can reach out to their children, teach them engagement in rewarding activity, and promote emotional maturity and a sense of self-worth. The book, in my opinion is really a wonderful expression of the relationship between parent and child. The main focus of the author is on the parents, who according to him are too indulgent towards their children. Being protective and indulgent is not wrong but, when it is goes out of control, the children are really affected. Children do not have the opportunity of facing the problems by themselves. And as the children grow, they become more dependent towards their parents and develop less courage to face the world. Parents should leave their children to sort out things by themselves, so that they will be able to get more knowledge out

Victorian England and Natural History

Victorian England and Natural History Victorian society is a time characterized by the rule of Queen Victoria in England, during the years 1837 to 1901. In the years leading up to it, ideas surrounding natural history began changing, and they were brought to a head by scholars in Victorian times. With more discoveries of fossils, interest in natural history and dinosaurs increased. Scientific study of dinosaurs and the history of the world increased and began to be a true avenue of research and discovery. Before the Victorian era, there were many beliefs that were held. Through scientific discovery these beliefs were tested and changed. Science and natural history gained popularity throughout the Victorian era and led to changing beliefs of the society as a whole, when scientific discoveries contradicted established beliefs. Before Darwin and the theory of natural history, religious beliefs were considered to be the natural order of things. Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth century, religious beliefs needed to be reconciled with nature so that natural theology could be studied. In general, the natural world was understood through the Bible and was built upon faith rather than science (Thompson, 2008). Science is different from faith, because it has no connection to the upper power. It searches for the truth and begets change, which threatens religious beliefs. There were Christian beliefs that were accepted as truth, including a greater chain of being, a young Earth, and species are immutable (Thompson, 2008). All of these beliefs were tested by scientific discoveries of the Victorian era. Another important scientific creation pre-Victorian England was that in the eighteenth century, Linnaeus created a system for classifying the natural world. This system showed a transition from an ignorant, uns tructured view of the past to a way of understanding species in relation to each other (Ritvo, 1997). By the Victorian period, classification was necessary to the understanding of natural history and Linnaeuss method was generally accepted as the nomenclature that would be used. While the system of taxonomy did have some inconsistencies and ambiguous rules, it persisted and was used in practice when naming new species. Victorian England was characterized by a growing industrial economy and a growing and valued middle class. According to James Camerini, in his essay Early Victorians in the Field, the culture of early Victorian natural history was shaped by, and in turn shaped, the larger culture (Camerini, 1997). With the growing working and middle class people, the pursuits of science were made possible. There was a growing commercial trade in natural history specimens and the information was made easier to access. According to Harriet Ritvo, The global expansion of European influence in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, whether by means of conquest, politics, or trade, was both mirrored and expedited by the efforts of knowledge workers (Ritvo, 1997). With more globalization, Early Victorian researchers, such as Charles Darwin and Henry Huxley, were able to travel with the navy on expeditions and collect specimens of species from around the world (Camerini, 1997). Natural histo ry was becoming a hobby of the masses as well as the scientists who specialized in it. In the chapter, Natural History and the Victorian Tourist: Form Landscapes to Rock-Pools, Aileen Fyfe studied the connection between science and Victorian Tourism. Before the Victorian era, travel and tourism was only for the aristocracy, because no one else had the money or the vacation time to travel, which could last from a few months to years (Fyfe, 2011). In the second half of the nineteenth century, there was a change in domestic tourism in England, when the working class were gaining leisure time and railways made travel easier and faster (Fyfe, 2011). With more tourists, the activities tourists could do changed and expanded, including interest in natural history. They were able to collect rocks, fossils, animals, plants that they sent back to England and these experiences led to their future research and discoveries. One of the most contested discoveries of the Victorian era is the theory of natural selection. Charles Darwin wrote about and described this theory in his book, On the origin of species by means of natural selection. Darwin lays out his argument explaining that there is variation of species around the world because of the struggle for existence that all organisms are faced with. Natural selection is therefore acting in the good of each being, leading to the success of the species that is best suited for its environment (Darwin, 1859). Species are not permanent and can adapt to survive in their environment. According to Charles Darwin, One general law, leading to the advancement of all organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let the strongest live and the weakest die. (Darwin, 1859). His theory of natural selection contradicted many beliefs that were held at the time and revolutionized the species concept and it allowed for the theory of evolution. Evolution is the belief that species change throughout time and all living organisms evolved from the simplest forms of life. There were many objections to Darwins theory at the time of its release. Natural selection contradicted many beliefs that were held at the time, such as a great chain of being, the Earth was young, and that species do not change and are permanent states. Some argued against Darwins theory. In an article published in the Spectator, the writer intended to show how the broad facts of geology are directly opposed to natural selection (Objections, 1860). The writer argues that species have been constant for thousands of years, and as such they would never change no matter how much time goes by. Instead of natural selection, the article references creation as the source of changes in conditions and what allows old species to disappear and new species to form (Objections, 1860). Before 1859, creationism, or the belief that all organisms living originated from a single creation moment particularly of divine nature, was the common belief. Victorian England was a primarily Christian society, a nd many beliefs were rooted in religious beliefs, before scientific discoveries proved them wrong. The article mentions the fauna of the Mesozoic period, especially the reptiles from that By the end of the Victorian period there were two major versions of evolutionary biology: Lamarckism and Darwinism. While mostly accepted by scientists today, Darwinism was highly contended when it came out, with Lamarckian beliefs being the most influential competitor (Fichman, 1997). Lamarck was the first to come up with an idea of species change, known as: the theory of acquired characteristics. Progressionism was the center of Lamarkism, since traits were acquired by an animals intentional actions and that trait could be inherited by future generations (Fichman, 1997). Organisms would therefore always be changing in response to their environment to become better suited for it. When the theory of evolution by natural selection came out, it also suggested progressionism. Instead of acquired characteristics, Darwin and Wallace believed in the appearance of random variations in nature, which were then sorted by natural selection based on whether the variation assists a species or not . The traits were inheritable, not acquired. Without the knowledge of genetics and mutations of genes, Lamarkism seemed more plausible, which allowed that theory to maintain its popularity and be discussed throughout the Victorian period (Fichman, 1997). In the 1870s and 1880s, Darwinism, the belief in Darwins theory of natural selection, was growing in influence. This lead to the theory of evolution needing to reconciled with Christian doctrine. For example, Reverend Thomas Roscoe Rede Stebbing wrote on Darwinism, natural history, and theology, including Essays on Darwinism published in 1871, and his religious beliefs changed to be consistent with the logic of science, but its roots were transcendental, emanating from a god of love and unselfishness' (Beckett, 2011). He used Darwinism to explain the origin of human morality as well as some tenets of the church. Religious beliefs needed to be altered and texts needed to be interpreted differently so that they could be reconciled with the discoveries of science, such as evolution. After Darwin, the shift of study went from collecting to identifying types, with a growing interest in conservation nature. The study of natural history at the time was very much tied together with other studies such as antiquarian and archaeological investigation, and there was never any clear distinction. The link between these studies was also tied with religion, because they looked at history as a combination of nature and human history. History before man, or at least before man left records, was the history of nature (Beckett, 2011). The focus of natural history studies was collecting and classifying throughout the nineteenth century. By the Victorian time period in England, popular interest in the geology and landscape was wide spread. Both amateurs and professionals were interested in the natural sciences, and began looking at, collecting and studying plants, animals, rock and fossils. In the Victorian era, there was an increase in interest and understanding of animals from the past, including dinosaurs and their reptile relatives. In the year 1841, Richard Owen was the man to define the category of large terrestrial reptiles, that he called Dinosauria. He focused his research on paleontology, and worked on new species as they emerged. This group was known for having an open acetabulum in the pelvis. When these fossils were first found, there was the belief by members of the church that the fossils were created by God as fossils and that the beings were never alive. Palaentology though shows who life and death have gone on for thousands of years and in many different forms (Owen, 1860). Owen separated the Paleozoic into three periods, where different groups of animals dominated the landscape: the first by the fish, the second by the reptiles, and the third by the mammals (Owen, 1860). Even so, he believed the differences were not necessarily chronological changes b ut geographical ones, since the different periods were seen in different locations. Owen quotes Cuviers theories of that no parts of an organism without also changing other parts (Owen, 1860). Owen did not believe in Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection. Tracing species back in time is a way to understand the way the earth was at that time. Owen did predict that Archeopteryx was a bird-like species, but made predictions about the face including that the mouth was devoid of lips, and was a beak-like instrument which was proven incorrect with the discover of other forms (Owen, 1863). Owen revolutionized the study of fossils but was incorrect in his believes regarding evolution. While he did not know that modern birds are the descendants of theropod dinosaurs, he did believe that bird forms would have been founded as old as the Triassic. Owen wrote, No actual remains of birds have been found in any deposit older than the chalk, yet their their existence long ages previous to this is certified to us by footprints in the sandstones of the Triassic or Liassic period, which cannot by any possibility have been made by any other animals (Owen, 1860). Owen would not have believed though that the modern bird forms were at all related to non-avian dinosaur forms. Henry Woodward also talked about the scarcity of avian fossils. He mentioned that it was believed that birds were around in the Jurassic due to the footprints, which is Owens prediction from 25 years prior, but he now argues that the tracks may have been left by Dinosaurian reptiles, which have a tridactyle hind-foot like a bird (Woodward, 1885). With new data and analysis, Woodward was able to adapt Owens t heory and get closer to the truth. He also did this with reconstructions of the Iguanodon, which originally discovered in 1825 and he talks about a previous interpretation done by a Waterhouse Hawkins and Richard Owen. The problem with the first reconstruction was the lack of knowledge and bones that were present for analysis with a discovery from 1878, which included multiple complete skeletons, they were able to reanalyze the bones and understand the specimen better (Woodward, 1895). Scientific discoveries throughout the Victorian era led to theories and predictions, which were either confirmed or denied with more research, as is the case with all hypotheses. Ideas from biology were not just being adopted by scientists and were also being used and translated to be used politically in the changing times of the Victorian period, due to their growing popularity. In 1883, Francis Galton termed eugenics. He believed that races of mankind could be ranked by how many individuals with high natural ability which he defined as intellectual capacity, eagerness for work, and power of doing superior work were born per generation (Fichman, 1997). When an inferior race came into contact with a superior one, it would be wiped away by the superior race. Eugenics was using Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection. Even so, it really was just a conservative aristocratic view of the world, which Galton attempted to use to create programs to limit the options of the inferior races. Huxley also played a large part in the connections between biology and politics. He worked to distance the ideas of evolution from ethical policies and sociopolitical disp utes by discrediting the belief that nature is moral (Fichman, 1997). In Victorian England, scientists, such as Huxley, Tyndall, Leslie Stephen, and John Morley, were able to create a largely secular climate of opinion in which the theories and metaphors of modern science penetrated the institutions of education, industry and government (Fichman, 1997). They worked toward social and material progress which would also advance science and technology, drawing the the attention of the all people. By the 1840s, scientific world was a modern professional community, with the professional scientist status rising (Fichman, 1997). This meant that evolutionary biology was becoming more well-known, even outside of the scientific community. Biology and science was on the forefront of politics and peoples mind. Since natural history gained popularity throughout the Victorian era among all people, the issues that were brought up by scientific discoveries and theories were discussed by all. Darwin in particular caused controversy in Victorian society, because the theory of evolution by natural selection shook the faith of the primarily Christian communities in England. Even though there were scientific theories before Darwin, his book was a turning point in understanding the world through religious beliefs and ideals. Science was in pursuit of the rules of nature, and while religion seemed to have already established them, new discoveries contradicted the ideas that most people prescribed to, such as a young Earth and immutable species. A growing interest in scientific theories and a decline in religion started in the Victorian era, with theories that began it prove religious beliefs to be incorrect. References: Beckett, J., Watkins, C. (2011). Natural History and Local History in Late Victorian and Edwardian England: The Contribution of the Victoria County History. Rural History, 22(01), 59-87. Camerini, J. (Ed.). (1997). Early Victorians in the Field. In B. Lightman (Ed.), Victorian Science in Context (pp. 354-377). London: The University of Chicago Press. Darwin, C., MA. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life. London: W. Clowes and Sons. Fichman, M. V. (1997). Biology and Politics: Defining the Boundaries. In B. V. Lightman (Ed.), Victorian science in context (pp. 94-118). London: University of Chicago Press. Fyfe, A. (2011). Natural History and the Victorian Tourist: From Landscapes to Rock-Pools. In C. W. Withers D. N. Livingstone (Eds.), Geographies of Nineteeth-Century Science (pp. 371-398). London: The University of Chicago Press. Objections to Mr. Darwins theory of the Origin of Species. (1860, April 7). The Spectator, pp. 334-335. Retrieved March 20, 2017. Owen, R. (1860). Palaeontology or A systematic summary of extinct animals and their geological relations. The British quarterly review, 32(63), 179-202. Owen, R. (1863). On the Archaeopteryc of von Meyer, with a description of the fossil remains of a long-tailed species, from the lithographic stone of Solenhofen. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 153, 33-47. Retrieved March 22, 2017. Ritvo, H. (1997). Zoological Nomenclature and the Empire of Victorian Science. In B. Lightman (Ed.), Victorian Science in Context (pp. 334-353). London: The University of Chicago Press. Thomson, K. S. (2008). Before Darwin: reconciling God and nature. New Haven: Yale University Press. Woodward, H. (1885). VI.-On Wingless Birds, Fossil and Recent; and a Few Words on Birds as a Class. Geological Magazine, 2(07), 308. Woodward, H. (1895). I.-Note on the Reconstruction of Iguanodon in the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road. Geological Magazine, 2(07), 289.