Synopsis of Article Perception Some Recent Research and Implications for Administration by Sheldon S. Zalkind and Timothy W. Costello Essay Example For Students

Synopsis of Article Perception: Some Recent Research and Implications for Administration by Sheldon S. Zalkind and Timothy W. Costello Essay Synopsis Perception: Some recent research and implications for administration by Sheldon S. Zalkind and Timothy W. Costello Any person usually bases his decisions on his perception towards others. This happens more critical when the person in question is an administrator or manager as his decisions and actions are critical not only to himself but also to his organization. Nowadays the management studies are becoming more and more influenced by the behavioral sciences. This also includes the study of perception as one of its most important parts. The factors influencing ones perception were first identified by Johnson in 1944 where he researched â€Å"object perception†. He listed many suggestions like subconscious influence by not so obvious considerations, responding to irrelevant hints, guidance by emotions, giving more weightage to his/her favorites opinions etc. Infact one may not be aware of the factors on which one is making the perceptual judgments. Again in 1958, Burner described the role of needs, values, culture, interests etc on the process of perceptions. We will write a custom essay on Synopsis of Article Perception: Some Recent Research and Implications for Administration by Sheldon S. Zalkind and Timothy W. Costello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A different idea was proposed by Cantril were he described perception as a transaction between the person making the perception and the one being perceived where in finally the resulting perception depends both on the influences within the perceiver and the characteristics of the perceived. One of the important factors influencing the perception process is the mindset as demonstrated by Kelley. He showed that one forms a perception about someone and behaves accordingly as per his prior expectations. As it is said first impressions are the last impressions, which to a great extent is true as so far as their being lasting is concerned, but weather they are accurate or not is usually a matter of question. Here also the needs, values, expectations of the person making the judgment (usually the administrator) play an important factor in the impressions he or she forms about some body. Most of the times they are not accurate and are even to a great extent based on the situation or surrounding in which they are made. Also experts agree that the impressions are also influenced by some very personal reactions of the perceiver. Some of the factors influencing or rather distorting the impressions are listed and explained as under. Stereotyping : This refers to the beliefs made by people about other people based on the groups to which they belong. It is used to form judgments about others (mostly inaccurate) on the basis of the ethnic group they belong to or even other types of groups like rich, poor, union, bankers, aristocrats etc. Each group is associated with some unverified qualities which are also attributed to their members and used to make perceptions about them. Any stereotype being very widespread does not becomes accurate but rather means that many people are making the same mistake. Another research by Luft shows that stereotypes also influence the notion of personality adjustment, associating adjustment with riches and maladjustment with the poor. Halo Effect : Halo effect is the another perceptional process where in one characteristics of someone is used to form impression about his other characteristics. The â€Å"halo† of one trait screens the other traits for which a person is being judged. This has been shown to have an important role in processes like performance appraisals. As explained by Bruner and Taguiri, halo effect has an even stronger impact when one tries to form impression on traits not given out by ones behavior, or has moral consequences or when one has little exposure to such traits. Symonds even suggested that the halo effect is more pronounced, the more we are familiar with the person in question. Projection : This is the process by which someone tries to reduce his guilt of wrongdoing or failure by trying to put the blame on someone else. .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc , .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .postImageUrl , .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc , .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:hover , .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:visited , .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:active { border:0!important; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:active , .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10b920198dffb690f53753a1eceed2dc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: the diary of anne frank EssayIt also refers to the fact that the present mental state of the perceiver influences his perception of the others. As per Sears it is seeing our own negative personality traits in others. Perceptual Defense : Demonstrated by Haire and Grunes, perceptual defense refers to the fabricating material which will make one avoid removing his stereotypes already held or changing the beliefs held by him or her in perceiving others. It offers and explanation to the perceptual distortions made by people when they are faced with facts inconsistent with their stereotypes. Characteristics of the perceiver The characteristics of the perceiver which enable him to make perceptions are 1. Knowing oneself makes it easier to see other accurately : When a person is aware of his own traits or has insights, he will be making lesser errors while perceiving others. 2. Ones own characteristics affect the characteristics he is likely to see in others : The characteristics which are important to one person will also be looked for when he or she makes an opinion about someone. One uses certain fixed factors while judging others and also the weightage one gives to these factors. 3. The person who accepts himself is more likely to be able to see favorable aspects of other people : If the perceiver is aware of himself and accepts himself as he is, he is supposed to make less negative perception of others as he extends his criteria for judging others. The areas where he or she feels insecure, he or she finds deficiencies in others too. 4. Accuracy in perceiving others is not a single skill : A persons ability in judging or making perceptions about others with a fair amount of accuracy will depend upon the fact that whether he appreciates differences between individuals and also the norms used for judging them. The characteristics of the perceived which affect the perceptions about him/her 1. Status : With all the things identical the social or organizational status of a person makes him or her being perceived differently from the others. As an example high status people are seen as wanting to cooperate while the lower status people are viewed as having to cooperate though they are doing the same thing. 2. Category : Same action by two persons from two different departments will be percieved differently. This is similar to stereotyping. 3. Visibility of traits : The more a person demonstrates his characteristics, the more he is liable to be judged correctly. This provides the reason why traits like honesty, loyalty etc are hard to judge because they are not always very much visible. Situational influences on perception How we perceive others also depends upon the situation in which they are being perceived. If someone meets other in a very friendly environment they will find many similar characteristics in each other. This can also be applied in and administrative environment wherein a cooperative interactive situation be created instead of a competitive one so that the chances of finding others as similar to one another can be increased. This forms the basis of formation of committees and work groups in any organization. Though an alternate study also shows that we are more influenced by the strangers about whose strengths and weaknesses we dont know than the people whom we very well know. A managers perception will also be limited by the aspects of situation which directly relate to the position or section he works in. Though it seems in the first sight that being able to form accurate perceptions about others helps in making smooth and effective interpersonal adjustments but studies reveal inconsistencies. Steiner explained these inconsistencies by saying that the perceptual accuracies will affect interaction when interacting persons are cooperative, behavior being perceived is relevant to the situation and when the members can easily alter their behavior based on the perceptions.

Reading Comprehension and Use of the Sample Exam Essay in Harvard Business School

Reading Comprehension and Use of the Sample Exam Essay in Harvard Business SchoolThe Harvard Business School Sample Exam Essay is a computer-based test and not an actual test. It will provide students with an overview of the course and some practice questions to test their reading comprehension skills.The essay, which will follow each chapter of the textbook, will also help students understand the job duties and responsibilities of the executive. The sample exam will also help students clarify the question on which skill sets they must possess in order to succeed in this course. Those who have taken similar classes at other schools may find this course to be a breeze since this one has been designed to provide its students with just the same practical skills they would find in a real-life environment.The Sample Exam provides a brief overview of the different sections of the book and how they relate to one another. Questions about specific topics are included, as well as descriptions of the chapters to help students learn the key concepts. Students may choose to write a short response to one of the questions or review all of the information. They will have a couple of weeks to prepare for the exam, even though it is not a real one.It is very important to take this Exam Essay seriously, as it can greatly affect how well a student does in the course. As soon as the exam is given, students should attempt to understand the format before writing their essay. Most students also avoid practicing the essay on the computer until they have taken a similar course at their school.Some students may feel that they do not need to take the exam since they have taken the class at a college level. This course can actually prepare students for the practical requirements of this academic level, and it can help them gain an understanding of what other subjects are required in their university courses. Many students have found that their college courses are not so different from the college-level courses that they take at Harvard.To successfully complete the study of management, business school students must not only study the theories of management but also practice the theory in practice. The actual exam is the perfect tool to help students learn how to organize their time, manage their tasks, and find the best possible solutions to many of the business problems that they face every day. Taking the exam makes them aware of the importance of such skills and gives them the opportunity to become familiar with the professional skills that they will need as they enter the workplace.Students who want to give themselves a real test can use the Study Aid Software provided by CompuServe that can be accessed over the internet. These software programs are available in both windows and Macintosh and will allow students to download them to their personal computers so that they can prepare for the exam without having to sit down in front of a computer and do the work. Many students have found that the software makes a huge difference in their ability to study and to master new information.Students may want to prepare by taking a computer-based test, just as they did when they were in high school and prepare to go home and review the material they studied online. Then, they can prepare for the exam by taking the same exam the computer is designed to take. While it is not quite as realistic as taking a real exam, it can provide students with useful experience in preparation for the real thing.